The Nanking Massacre

The Nanking Massacre The Rape of Nanking was a tragic time in Chinese history. This event will never be forgotten by the people in the once capital of China. An estimated 300,000 innocent people were killed in a matter of months. The Japanese have never apologized for the disturbing event and to this day the Japanese deny that the massacre ever took place. The Rape of Nanking will never be forgotten for this city has been scared with tragedy since this gruesome massacre. Is this Massacre actually Genocide, or is this just a result of poor command over Japanese soldiers?I believe that this event is in fact genocide, and it was a terrible event in time. It was a tragic December day in the beautiful city of Nanking. Japanese soldiers were making their way into the unprepared city. All the residents fled to the safety, a small area where tourists and German soldiers could not be harmed by the Japanese (Genocide in China. ) Only a few citizens were able to flee to the safety zone, for the re was only enough room for a few hundred people. The roads were empted, and everyone locked the selves in their homes.The Japanese soldiers had surrounded the city, there was no way the refugees could escape the now taken city. Once the Japanese had surrounded the city, they began their violent rampage. The soldiers began to raid the banks, government offices, and the warehouses. Once all important buildings were taken, the soldiers started killing civilians. (Genocide in China. ) Once the citizens heard the gun fire, most ran out of their homes in an attempt to leave the city. There were two main roads which lead out of the city; the Japanese had set up areas throughout the streets to shoot the fleeing citizens. 0,000 people were killed the first day the Japanese intruded this capital city. Numerous war crimes were committed during the massacre. Some of the worst war crimes in history were committed during the raid on Nanking. A few days after the Japanese invaded Nanking they beg an to run amuck. The soldiers were out of line, and weren’t following the rules of battle. Japanese soldiers captured the surviving Nanking soldiers, and sent them to a large camp outside of the city limits. Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The Japanese soldiers soon were running out of food for the soldiers, so the thought there only option was to kill off the remaining Nanking soldiers. The Japanese soldiers would starve the war prisoners and when the Chinese were near death they would march them into fields. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) On the way toward the fields the Japanese soldiers told the captives they would receive food and work. The Japanese lied to the soldiers, for when they reached the fields, the prisoners were killed in a line of machine gun fire.Group by group the captives were lined up and shoot down into massive graves. If the enemy soldiers ran out of ammunition, they would burn the prisoners of war alive. So many practices of execution were perfor med it is hard to keep track of here are some less used forms of executing the prisoners. Chinese soldiers were used for bayonet practices, shooting practice, and were beheaded in the streets. Japanese soldiers would often have contests to see who could kill the most people. There are accounts of Japanese men killing as many as 150 men, women and children on their own.The women citizens had it far worse than the men did. (Genocide) Women were often raped and killed. If a woman was to survive, she would often be made a sex slave for the Japanese soldiers. Females from the age of 9 to 80 were raped and killed. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The dead bodies of the women were thrown into the street, and were left there for days. Some many atrocities took place throughout the Nanking Massacre that’s it is hard to mention all of them. A total of 300,000 Chinese soldiers, and civilians were killed in the Nanking Massacre.This might seem like a small number compared to other mass acres, but when you look closer at it, it becomes even more tragic. The city of Nanking wasn’t even captured for a year. The survivors tell such terrible stories, of the horror that was swept across the thriving town of Nanking, China. For the remaining survivors this event will never leave their memory. This brings up the question, why did the Japanese do this? This terrible massacre is one that was not as widely broadcasted. This is due to the fact that the Japanese Government had denied this event ever took place.The Japanese people believe that the Chinese people are unclean. The Japanese think this because they think the Chinese people don’t keep themselves clean. The Japanese felt that the Chinese are dirty people who pollute the environment and destroy the fertile land. The Japanese also believed that it was their destiny to obtain the land of China. So why is this massacre considered Genocide? This massacre is considered genocide for many reasons. Japanese peop le had killing contests, in order to kill as many Chinese civilians as possible. Two Roads of Blood) In order to kill more Chinese civilians, the Japanese soldiers would have competitions to see who could kill the most civilians. They had no respect for any of the Chinese people, as if they treated the Chinese as pests they needed to kill. This method wasn’t working for the extermination, so the Japanese soldiers began sending men to work camps, where they would work the men almost to death, then march them to killing fields. This is a clear example of genocide. The final example of genocide is the fact that they took no prisoners. Genocide) If a Chinese soldier decided to surrender the Japanese soldier would kill the man on the spot. Through all this gruesome events, this massacre is considered to be genocide by people around the world. The Nanking massacre was a terrible event in history. Through years of hatred toward China the Japanese committed this terrible genocide. Th rough killing contests’, killing fields, and not giving prisoners this event is technically considered genocide. The Japanese wanted to exterminate the Chinese people in order to take land, which the Japanese thought was rightfully theirs. This event will never be forgotten.

Customer Survey Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Survey Assignment - Essay Example They are not limited to the questionnaires, and can freely talk about related matters that could support their answers. Focus group discussions (FGD) usually allow participants to talk about issues that may not usually arise from individual interviews. For example, there may be issues that the individual interviewee may forget during the course of the interview, which other participants in an FGD might bring up. Email survey questionnaires, meantime, may not be able to paint the real pictures since respondents would only be those who have email addresses, and not everyone has one. 3. Respondents may hesitate giving accurate answers depending on who or what group is administering the survey. They may feel more comfortable, or withheld information depending on their level of comfort with the one conducting the survey. For example, if the respondents have had previous unpleasant experience with the surveyor, the tendency is not to provide honest and accurate answers, or maybe even avoiding the survey altogether. On the other hand, if respondent has already established trust towards the person or the group conducting the survey, they would tend to be more engaging or pleasant in their answers. Survey instrument design on the other hand may stem from the manner by which a survey is conducted. For example, absence of an email address for every potential respondent may result to inaccurate results. If the surveyor wants to measure the service quality of a supermarket and only sends the questionnaires to registered email addresses of frequent customers, there would be biased answers. Same goes if the survey is featured in a certain website only. Of course, only those who have accessed the website can participate in the survey. There will be no chance for people who are not internet savvy to share their experiences even if they are actually frequent

Case study assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study assignment - Essay Example The Tokyo management concept could not be successful because the French population was not as open to the American ideas as was the Japanese audiences, very exited to see the American Disneyland experience no matter what it cost. Financial losses compelled management to charge high rates of rooms rent and food served. The management found flaws in the European perspective of market financing while comparing it with the US market financing. Later, management revised the marketing plan for Disney by implementing strategic and tactic changes at the right time. Changes were made to adapt to the French culture by allowing wine andentry of pets in the Disneyland. The French characters like Zorro, Mary Poppins, and Alladin were casted in advertisements along with celebration of Donald Duck’s birthday to position EuroDisney on the top of the European destinations for short time visits. The new French CEO changed marketing tactics by capturing local markets based on different touristsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ habits. Advertisements and packages were structured according to the city marketing trends. Park admission rates were reduced by 20% and room rents by 30% with special promotions for the winter season. The name of the park was changed to Disneyland Paris (Case Study). Taking a lesson from its experiences of Tokyo Disney management, the Hong Kong Disneyland marketing strategy was made keeping mainly the Asian audiences in view. Local cultural traditions were particularly taken care not to antagonize the feelings of public as it happened in the case of Tokyo Disneyland. The American experience matched only in the matter of admission fee, which was marginally more affordable and similar to the Disney’s US parks in California and Florida than to the fees in Tokyo and Paris (Asia Times 2005). According to Roy Tan Hardy, vice president of marketing and sales of Hong Kong Disneyland, regarding park’s attractions â€Å"We carried out extensive, in-depth consumer insight

Human Resource Management Outsourcing Adoption Among Chinese SMEs Dissertation

Human Resource Management Outsourcing Adoption Among Chinese SMEs - Dissertation Example All four objectives have been achieved. The study finds that the drivers of HRMO adoption at the Chinese SMEs include lack of expertise, cost savings (although they lack the in-depth knowledge of cost calculations), political factors such as labour laws, and lack of internal capability. Basing their decisions on the transaction cost theory, the SMEs recognize that outsourcing offers advantages such as economies of scale and access to expertise. This has enhanced the adoption of HRMO among the Chinese SMEs. However, despite some amount of adoption, the SMEs in this study demonstrate their incapability and inefficiency in managing HR outsourcing and in HRMO adoption. They acknowledge that they lack the resources and capabilities which also reflect in the vendor selection process. Those that have not outsourced express lack of confidence on the vendors’ quality or their firm size does not justify the costs of outsourcing. The SMEs are unable to anticipate their needs as well as t he contingencies. The SMEs are reluctant to outsource because of lack of trust on the vendors’ abilities, firm-specific knowledge (which gives rise to lack of trust), fear of opportunism, and lack of negotiating skills. The SMEs do not have the expertise to evaluate the contractors; they do not appear to have the expertise to evaluate the risk-bearing costs, essential to managing contracts of outsourcing. The study suggests that the cultural influence has been the biggest barrier to HRMO adoption among the Chinese SMEs but along with it political and economic factors are equally responsible. With the western influence, SMEs in China do recognize that they need to change their strategy but appear to be unsure of their decisions. Or they may be reluctant to accept responsibility for their decisions. In light of the above, recommendation for an HRMO strategy for the SMEs in China has been made. The model suggests initial identification of needs, assessing and comparing of intern al and external capabilities are ore-requisites. Recruitment and selection being the key concern of the SMEs, these should be outsourced to POEs or head hunters who have the necessary skills. Another key criterion that SMEs have to focus on is on evaluating the agent prior to signing the contract. Support of government should be taken to identify the right agent. Before signing the contract cost evaluation is vital which includes costs not just related to the actual work but unforeseen costs such as monitoring costs, termination costs, control costs. The agent should function as an extension of the organization and work in cohesion with the principal. The relationship should be build with a long-term focus which also helps control costs. The study concludes by highlighting the limitations and recommending areas for further study. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the Study 2 1.3 Research objectives 2 1.4 Organization of the Study 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2. Definitions and Background Overview 2.2.1. Definition of SME 4 2.2.2. SMEs’ in China 5 2.2.3 HRM Functions (Human Resources Management) 6 2.2.4 Outsourcing 6 2.3 HRM Outsourcing 7 2.3.1 Rationale for HRM outsourcing 8 2.4 Economic Theories underpinning Outsourcing 2.4.1 Transaction Cost Economies 9 2.4.2 Principal-agent Theory 11 2.4.3 Porter’s Value Chain Framework 12 2.5 SMEs and HRM outsourcing 13 2.6 Advantage

Learning By Doing and Using Instructional Technologies Research Paper

Learning By Doing and Using Instructional Technologies - Research Paper Example   Introduction of microcomputers and internet has greatly influenced teaching and learning. Technology motivates students to learn since it encourages use of hands-on-technology activities making learners more autonomous. Appropriate use of technology in teaching motivates students since encourages creative methods of learning and enables students to remain attentive. Use of technology for teaching affects the learning process in different ways. The instructional methods are affected since teacher or educators act more like facilitators (Hung, 2001; Candace, Sheri, & Lane, 2011).Several theories relate the theories of learning to use technology in teaching. Educational theories embrace any phenomena that contribute to education in either philosophical or general approach. Instructional theories deal with aspects pertaining to instructions. The four main models of learning which include social constructivism, cognivitism, behaviorism, and constructivism form the framework of learnin g and teaching. The learning theories are distinct from the instructional approaches. Behaviorism and cognitivist models showed that the manner in which instructions are given determines the ease of learning. This is because the mind acts as an information processor. It is thus important to use technology base instruction approaches to encourage learners to reason.Constructivism and social constructivism models focus on the influence of interactions on learning or assimilation and accommodation of knowledge. People tend to interpret ideas depending on how they perceived them. Use of technology to provide instructions can thus aid learners in constructing knowledge as opposed to acquiring knowledge. Technology increases the level of interactions between teachers and students as well as amongst students (Clark & Mayer, 2008; Tennyson, 2010). Instructional technologies should consider the learning theories to encourage practice and feedback, promote self-regulated learning, employ cogn itive learning approaches, and provide frameworks that enable students discover different perspective and meanings of concepts (Candace, Sheri, & Lane, 2011). The theory of Project-Based Learning, which is based on John Dewey’s philosophy of learning by doing, supports use of instructional Technology. This theory promotes learning as a social activity that takes different context but encourages students to use previous experiences to explore, create, and interpret. Use of instructional technology encourages learners to use the different intelligences, which include musical, logical-mathematical, linguistic, body-kinesthetic, spatial, and interpersonal as well as the intrapersonal ones. The theory of Multiple Intelligences is another theory that encourages use of technology as a teaching tool. This theory encourages educators to adjust their teaching designs to incorporate facets such as use of instructi

TQM Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TQM Philosophy - Essay Example This research tells that TQM's position as an industry innovator was well established by the time of the accelerator pedal disaster. Not only had they established themselves as being nearly synonymous with TQM, but they also had become well-associated with Kaizen and quality circles. Toyota's cars were well-respected in the market for their safety, longevity and gas efficiency. But the accelerator pedal problem showed chinks in their armor. What is certain, even if the TQM idea they deployed was philosophically sound, is that Toyota became complacent due to their success. Like IBM, Microsoft, AT&T, and too many other companies to list, their size and strategic position had led them to believe they could cut corners and do no wrong. Toyota now has been reminded of their fallibility and will have to spend years regaining the trust of their consumers. As the burger chain, Wendy's can testify, even erroneous claims of TQM failures at one store can cause a PR nightmare for years even afte r the claim has been proven to be fraudulent. Toyota will have to examine where TQM failures were made, and hold some people accountable. Worse, this is not a faulty construction element, so their front-line workers can't be held responsible. Instead, it is faulty design, which implicates engineers and management, people higher up the food chain who it is more difficult to demote or fire. The implication for TQM is obvious: Big companies will need to overcompensate in their TQM protocols. With their amassed capital, big companies should be able to comply more, not less, with TQM needs and restrictions. But they will need to recognize that market pressures and internal cultures endemic to large, successful organizations cause what might appear to be viable TQM initiatives to fail. They will need to make their TQM programmes even more robust, knowing that the uncorrected tendency of the company will be to veer into complacency and therefore into unsafe products. But another issue that TQM advocates face in the wake of the Toyota debacle is that elements like TQM can transition from innovative, effective new techniques into established rigidities. New ideas can still be adapted to new market situations, but once an idea like TQM has become old enough, it becomes very hard to apply it in new ways internal to a company due to factors of complacency, institutional size and the commensurate reduction in flexibility, and established institutional cultures that start to make the idea into a routine that becomes increasingly hard to break. TQM advocates will need to commit to bringing in fresh new minds and new ideas and actually adopting them on a yearly basis in order to remain viable. But the Toyota TQM issue was even worse than it appeared: It actually indicated weakness with the whole idea of TQM. An engineer reported, Although one of the main tasks of engineers at the company was to come up with ways to improve existing product designs, I learned early on that kai zen had a fairly narrow application. It was mainly used to tweak designs to improve product performance. These techniques ensured increased market share for the company because buyers could immediately see the results of the improvements in new models. But some of the most complex engineering design processes—and the ones that tend to fail—are under the hood and out of sight of most owners†¦

Colloborative Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Colloborative Leadership - Essay Example One view maintains that leaders are people oriented and their main task is to inspire people. Their chief functional output is a change and their capabilities are assessed in terms of controlling the process of this change. That is to mould and control change to suit organization's objectives. On the other hand, managers are task and process oriented and their main task is to organize such tasks and processes. Management's main output is work done in allotted time and costs. In plain speak management is assigned the task of producing and maintaining a degree of predictability & order; while leadership assumes the function of producing change under a constantly revised schemata of direction and vision. Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. Leadership deliberately causes people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leader's agenda, which in constructive scenarios match organizational agenda. Leadership physically compr... Such qualities hasten and fasten agenda achievement by leadership. Some of these qualities are stated below corresponding to their importance in an organizational setting: (a) A collaborative leader must have the capability to initiate, nurture and develop a vision and a concrete sense of direction in which to lead the organization. Leader must convince the entire team of his stance of an inspired shared vision. At least leader should be able to convey his vision to critical adherents. Visionary leaders enable people to feel they have a real stake in the project. They empower people to experience the vision on their own. It can be clearly seen that collaboration is the essence of leadership. According to Bennis "They offer people opportunities to create their own vision, to explore what the vision will mean to their jobs and lives, and to envision their future as part of the vision for the organization," (Bennis, 1997). (b) An effective collaborative leader is expected to have high level of problem solving skills. He may share problem-solving responsibilities with the team but he must have a "fresh, creative response to here-and-now opportunities," and not much concern with how others have performed them. (Kouzes,1987).Thus he would be capable of giving new solutions to complicated problems and lead in dead ends. (c) A collaborative leader must exercise a lot of empathy. There is vast amount of difference between empathy and sympathy. Although the words sound same, they, in fact have widely divergent meanings. According to Norman Paul, in sympathy the subject is principally absorbed in his or her own feelings as they are projected into the object and has little concern for the reality and validity of the